Following Henry’s intervention, Anglo-Norman lords established castles, towns, and manors across much of eastern and southern Ireland. They introduced feudalism, new laws, and economic structures.

However, the Normans never fully conquered the island. Gaelic Irish lords retained power in many areas, especially in the west and north. This led to centuries of conflict and cultural exchange between the Anglo-Normans and native Irish.

Cultural and Social Impacts

The Anglo-Norman presence led to significant social and cultural changes in Ireland:

• Architecture: The Normans built stone castles and fortifications, many of which still stand today, such as Trim Castle and Kilkenny Castle.
   

• Language: Norman French and later English influenced the Irish language and legal systems.
   

• Law: The imposition of English common law gradually replaced the native Brehon law, altering governance and land ownership.
   

• Urban Development: The Normans founded towns and trading centers, which became hubs of commerce and administration.
   

Resistance and Adaptation

Despite the initial conquest, Irish resistance persisted. Many Gaelic lords adopted Norman customs, intermarried, and even took part in the feudal system. This process, sometimes called "Gaelicization," saw some Norman families become 'more Irish than the Irish themselves.'

At the same time, the English Crown’s control weakened over time due to internal English conflicts such as the Wars of the Roses, allowing Irish lords to regain power in some regions. shutdown123